Cynthia Eden Tempted by Fate Read Online

British Viceroy of Bharat and Strange Secretary (1859–1925)

His Excellency The Most Honourable The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston KG GCSI GCIE PC FBA
Lord Curzon, as Viceroy of India
Leader of the House of Lords
In office 3 November 1924 – twenty March 1925
Monarch	George Five
Prime Minister	Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Viscount Haldane
Succeeded by	The Marquess of Salisbury
In office 10 December 1916 – 22 January 1924
Monarch	George V
Prime Government minister	David Lloyd George Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Marquess of Crewe
Succeeded by	The Viscount Haldane
Secretary of Country for Foreign Affairs
In office 23 Oct 1919 – 22 January 1924
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	David Lloyd George Bonar Constabulary Stanley Baldwin
Preceded past	Arthur Balfour
Succeeded by	Ramsay MacDonald
Lord President of the Quango
In office iii November 1924 – xx March 1925
Monarch	George V
Prime number Minister	Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Lord Parmoor
Succeeded past	The Earl of Balfour
In function 10 Dec 1916 – 23 Oct 1919
Monarch	George V
Prime Government minister	David Lloyd George
Preceded past	The Marquess of Crewe
Succeeded past	Arthur Balfour
President of the Air Board
In office xv May 1916 – iii January 1917
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George
Preceded past	The Earl of Derby
Succeeded by	The Viscount Cowdray
Viceroy of India
In part 6 Jan 1899 – 18 November 1905
Monarch	Victoria Edward VII
Deputy	The Lord Ampthill
Preceded by	The Earl of Elgin
Succeeded by	The Earl of Minto
Parliamentary Under-Secretarial assistant of State for Foreign Affairs
In office 20 June 1895 – 15 October 1898
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded past	Sir Edward Grey
Succeeded by	St John Brodrick
Parliamentary Nether-Secretary of State for Bharat
In office 9 November 1891 – 11 August 1892
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded by	Sir John Eldon Gorst
Succeeded by	George W. E. Russell
Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal
In office 21 January 1908 – xx March 1925 Hereditary Peerage
Preceded by	The 4th Lord Kilmaine (as Representative peer)
Succeeded by	The 2nd Baroness Ravensdale (in Barony) The 2nd Viscount Scarsdale (in Viscountcy)
Member of Parliament for Southport
In office 27 July 1886 – 24 August 1898
Preceded by	George Augustus Pilkington
Succeeded by	Sir Herbert Naylor-Leyland
Personal details
Born	George Nathaniel Curzon (1859-01-xi)11 January 1859 Kedleston, Derbyshire, England
Died	20 March 1925(1925-03-20) (aged 66) London, England
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Mary Leiter ​ ​ (g. 1895; died 1906)​ Grace Duggan ​ ​ (chiliad. 1917)​
Children	Mary Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale Lady Cynthia Mosley Lady Alexandra Curzon
Alma mater	Balliol College, Oxford

George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC, FBA (eleven Jan 1859 – xx March 1925), was styled equally The Lord Curzon of Kedleston betwixt 1898 and 1911, and as The Earl Curzon of Kedleston between 1911 and 1921, was a British Conservative statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. During his time as viceroy, Lord Curzon created the territory of Eastern Bengal and Assam. He resigned afterwards a political dispute with the British military machine commander Lord Kitchener. During the First World War, Curzon served in the small War Cabinet of Prime Government minister David Lloyd George every bit Leader of the House of Lords (from December 1916), besides every bit the War Policy Committee. He served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs at the Foreign Office from 1919 to 1924.

Despite his successes as both viceroy and foreign secretary, in 1923 Curzon was denied the function of prime minister. Bonar Law and other Conservative Party leaders preferred to accept Stanley Baldwin rather than Curzon as prime minister and these views were made known to Rex George 5. David Gilmour, in his biography Curzon: Royal Statesman (1994), contends that Curzon deserved the top position.

Early life [edit]

Curzon was the eldest son and the 2d of the eleven children of Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale (1831–1916), who was the Rector of Kedleston in Derbyshire. George Curzon'south mother was Blanche (1837–1875), the daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse of Netherhall in Cumberland. He was born at Kedleston Hall, built on the site where his family, who were of Norman ancestry, had lived since the 12th century. His mother, wearied by childbirth, died when George was 16; her married man survived her past 41 years. Neither parent exerted a major influence on Curzon's life. Scarsdale was an austere and unindulgent begetter who believed in the long-held family tradition that landowners should stay on their state and non go "roaming about all over the earth". He thus had little sympathy for those journeys across Asia between 1887 and 1895 which made his son one of the near travelled men who ever sabbatum in a British cabinet. A more decisive presence in Curzon'southward childhood was that of his cruel, sadistic governess, Ellen Mary Paraman, whose tyranny in the nursery stimulated his antagonistic qualities and encouraged the obsessional side of his nature. Paraman used to trounce him and periodically forced him to parade through the village wearing a conical lid begetting the words liar, sneak, and coward. Curzon later noted, "No children well born and well-placed ever cried and so much so justly."^{[one] [ page needed ]}

He was educated at Wixenford School,^[2] Eton Higher,^[3] and Balliol College, Oxford.^[4] At Eton, he was a favourite of Oscar Browning, an over-intimate relationship that led to his tutor's dismissal.^{[5] [6]} A spinal injury incurred whilst riding during his boyhood left Curzon in lifelong pain, which often caused insomnia, and which required him to wear a metallic corset for the duration of his life.^{[7] [ page needed ]}

At Oxford, Curzon was President of the Union^[4] and Secretary of the Oxford Canning Society (a Tory political club named for George Canning): as a outcome of the extent of his time-expenditure on political and social societies, he failed to achieve a first class degree in Greats, although he subsequently won both the Lothian Prize Essay and the Arnold Prize, the latter for an essay on Sir Thomas More, about whom he confessed to having known near nothing before commencing study. In 1883, Curzon received the most prestigious fellowship at the university, a Prize Fellowship at All Souls College. Whilst at Eton and at Oxford, Curzon was a contemporary and close friend of Cecil Spring Rice and Edward Grayness.^[8] Nonetheless, Spring Rice contributed, alongside John William Mackail, to the composition of a famous sardonic doggerel about Curzon that was published equally part of The Balliol Masque, about which Curzon wrote in later on life "never has more harm been done to one single private than that accursed doggerel has washed to me."^[9] It ran:

My proper noun is George Nathaniel Curzon,

I am a almost superior person.

My cheek is pink, my hair is sleek,

I dine at Blenheim one time a week.^[9]

When Spring-Rice was assigned to the British Diplomatic mission to the United States in 1894-1895, he was suspected past Curzon of trying to foreclose Curzon'south engagement to the American Mary Leiter, whom Curzon nonetheless married.^[10] However, Spring Rice assumed for a certainty, like many of Curzon's other friends, that Curzon would inevitably become Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: he wrote to Curzon in 1891, 'When you lot are Secretarial assistant of Country for Foreign Diplomacy I hope yous will restore the vanished celebrity of England, lead the European concert, decide the fate of nations, and give me three months' leave instead of two'.^[xi]

Early political career [edit]

Curzon became Assistant Private Secretary to Salisbury in 1885, and in 1886 entered Parliament as Member for Southport in south-west Lancashire.^[iv] His maiden speech communication, which was chiefly an attack on dwelling house rule and Irish nationalism, was regarded in much the same way equally his oratory at the Oxford Union: bright and eloquent just likewise presumptuous and rather too self-assured. Subsequent performances in the Commons, often dealing with Ireland or reform of the Firm of Lords (which he supported), received similar verdicts. He was Under-Secretary of Country for India in 1891–92 and Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1895–98.^{[12] [ folio needed ]}

Asian travels and writings [edit]

In the meantime he had travelled around the world: Russia and Central Asia (1888–89), a long bout of Persia (September 1889 – January 1890), Siam, French Indochina and Korea (1892), and a daring foray into Afghanistan and the Pamirs (1894). He published several books describing key and east asia and related policy issues.^[four] A bold and compulsive traveller, fascinated by oriental life and geography, he was awarded the Patron'due south Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his exploration of the source of the Amu Darya (Oxus). His journeys allowed him to study the problems of Asia and their implications for British India, whilst reinforcing his pride in his nation and her imperial mission.

Curzon believed Russia to be the most likely threat to India, Britain's near valuable colony, from the 19th century through the early on 20th century.^[13] In 1879 Russian federation had begun construction of the Transcaspian Railway along the Silk Road, officially solely to enforce local control. The line starts from the city of Kyzyl-Su, formerly Krasnovodsk (nowadays Turkmenbashi) (on the Caspian Body of water), travels southeast along the Karakum Desert, through Ashgabat, continues along the Kopet Dagh Mountains until it reaches Tejen. Curzon dedicated an unabridged chapter in his book Russia in Central Asia to discussing the perceived threat to British control of India.^[14] This railway connected Russia with the most wealthy and influential cities in Central Asia at the time, including the Persian province of Khorasan,^[fifteen] and would allow the rapid deployment of Russian supplies and troops into the area. Curzon also believed that the resulting greater economic interdependence between Russia and Cardinal Asia would be damaging to British interests.^[16]

Persia and the Farsi Question, written in 1892, has been considered Curzon's magnum opus and can be seen as a sequel to Russian federation in Primal Asia. ^[17] Curzon was deputed by The Times to write several manufactures on the Persian political surround, but while there he decided to write a book on the country as whole. This 2-volume work covers Persia'southward history and governmental construction, as well every bit graphics, maps and pictures (some taken past Curzon himself). Curzon was aided by General Albert Houtum-Schindler and the Purple Geographical Society (RGS), both of which helped him proceeds access to cloth to which as a foreigner he would not accept been entitled to have admission. General Schindler provided Curzon with information regarding Persia's geography and resources, likewise equally serving equally an unofficial editor.^[18]

Curzon and his wife and staff on a tour of the Persian Gulf in 1903

Curzon was appalled by his government'due south apathy towards Persia as a valuable defensive buffer to India from Russian encroachment.^[19] Years later Curzon would complaining that "Persia has alternatively advanced and receded in the interpretation of British statesmen, occupying now a position of extravagant prominence, anon one of unmerited obscurity."^[xx]

First union (1895–1906) [edit]

In 1895 he married Mary Victoria Leiter, the girl of Levi Ziegler Leiter, an American millionaire^[4] of German Mennonite origin and co-founder of the Chicago department store Field & Leiter (later Marshall Field). Initially, he had but married her for her coin then he could salvage his manor but ended up nursing feelings for her. Mary had a long and almost fatal illness near the end of summer 1904, from which she never really recovered. Falling sick again in July 1906, she died on the 18th of that month in her married man'southward arms, at the age of 36.^[21] Information technology was the greatest personal loss of his life.

She was buried in the church at Kedleston, where Curzon designed his memorial for her, a Gothic chapel added to the north side of the nave. Although he was neither a devout nor a conventional churchman, Curzon retained a elementary religious religion; in later years he sometimes said that he was non afraid of death because it would enable him to bring together Mary in heaven.

They had three daughters during a firm and happy spousal relationship: Mary Irene, who inherited her male parent's Barony of Ravensdale and was created a life peer in her own right; Cynthia, who became the first wife of the fascist politician Sir Oswald Mosley; and Alexandra Naldera ("Baba"), who married Edward "Fruity" Metcalfe, the best friend, best man and equerry of Edward Eight. Mosley exercised a foreign fascination for the Curzon women: Irene had a brief romance with him before either were married; Baba became his mistress; and Curzon's second wife, Grace, had a long thing with him.

Viceroy of India (1899–1905) [edit]

Curzon, in 1901, had famously said, "As long equally we rule Bharat we are the greatest power in the world. If nosotros lose information technology, nosotros shall drop straightaway to a 3rd-charge per unit power."^[22]

Curzon—procession to Sanchi Tope, 28 November 1899.

In Jan 1899 he was appointed Viceroy of India.^[iv] He was created a Peer of Ireland every bit Baron Curzon of Kedleston, in the County of Derby,^[23] on his appointment. As such he was ex officio Grand Main of the Order of the Indian Empire and Order of the Star of India. This peerage was created in the Peerage of Ireland (the last so created) so that he would exist free, until his father'south death, to re-enter the House of Commons on his return to U.k..

Reaching India shortly after the suppression of the frontier risings of 1897–98, he paid special attention to the independent tribes of the due north-west borderland, inaugurated a new province called the N West Frontier Province, and pursued a policy of forceful control mingled with conciliation. The only major armed outbreak on this frontier during the period of his administration was the Mahsud–Waziri entrada of 1901.

In the context of the Bang-up Game between the British and Russian Empires for command of Fundamental Asia, he held deep mistrust of Russian intentions. This led him to encourage British merchandise in Persia, and he paid a visit to the Western farsi Gulf in 1903. Curzon argued for an exclusive British presence in the Gulf, a policy originally proposed by John Malcolm. The British government was already making agreements with local sheiks/tribal leaders forth the Persian Gulf declension to this end. Curzon had convinced his government to institute Uk every bit the unofficial protector of State of kuwait with the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899. The Lansdowne Declaration in 1903 stated that the British would counter whatsoever other European power's endeavour to establish a military presence in the Gulf.^[24] Only iv years subsequently this position was abased and the Western farsi Gulf declared a neutral zone in the Anglo-Russian Understanding of 1907, prompted in part by the high economic cost of defending India from Russian advances.^[25]

At the end of 1903, Curzon sent a British trek to Tibet under Francis Younghusband, ostensibly to forbid a Russian advance. After bloody conflicts with Tibet'due south poorly armed defenders, the mission penetrated to Lhasa, where the Treaty of Lhasa was signed in September 1904.^[26]

During his tenure, Curzon undertook the restoration of the Taj Mahal and expressed satisfaction that he had done and so. Curzon was influenced past Hindu philosophy and quoted:

Bharat has left a deeper mark upon the history the philosophy and the religion of mankind than whatsoever other terrestrial unit of measurement in the universe.^[27]

Within India, Curzon appointed a number of commissions to enquire into education, irrigation, police force and other branches of assistants, on whose reports legislation was based during his second term of office as viceroy. Reappointed Governor-Full general in August 1904, he presided over the 1905 partition of Bengal.

In 'Panthera leo and the Tiger : The Rising and Autumn of the British Raj, 1600-1947', Denis Judd wrote: "Curzon had hoped… to bind Republic of india permanently to the Raj. Ironically, his sectionalization of Bengal, and the bitter controversy that followed, did much to revitalize Congress. Curzon, typically, had dismissed the Congress in 1900 as 'tottering to its fall'. But he left Bharat with Congress more active and effective than at any time in its history."^[28]

Indian Army [edit]

Curzon also took an active interest in war machine matters. In 1901, he founded the Royal Cadet Corps, or ICC. The ICC was a corps d'elite, designed to requite Indian princes and aristocrats military training, after which a few would exist given officeholder commissions in the Indian Army. But these commissions were "special commissions" which did not empower their holders to command whatever troops. Predictably, this was a major stumbling block to the ICC's success, as it caused much resentment among former cadets. Though the ICC closed in 1914, information technology was a crucial stage in the drive to Indianise the Indian Army'southward officeholder Corps, which was haltingly begun in 1917.

Military organisation proved to be the final issue faced by Curzon in Bharat. It ofttimes involved picayune issues that had much to do with clashes of personality: Curzon once wrote on a certificate "I rise from the perusal of these papers filled with the sense of the ineptitude of my armed forces advisers", and one time wrote to the Commander-in-Primary in India, Kitchener, advising him that signing himself "Kitchener of Khartoum" took upwards likewise much time and space, which Kitchener thought petty (Curzon only signed himself "Curzon" as if he were a hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself "Curzon of Kedleston").^[29] A difference of opinion with Kitchener, regarding the condition of the military member of the council in Republic of india (who controlled ground forces supply and logistics, which Kitchener wanted under his own control), led to a controversy in which Curzon failed to obtain the support of the home authorities. He resigned in August 1905 and returned to England.

Return to U.k. [edit]

Arthur Balfour'due south refusal to recommend an earldom for Curzon in 1905 was repeated by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the Liberal Prime Minister, who formed his government the day after Curzon returned to England. In deference to the wishes of the Rex and the advice of his doctors, Curzon did not stand in the general election of 1906 and thus found himself excluded from public life for the showtime time in 20 years. It was at this time, the nadir of his career, that he suffered the greatest personal loss of his life. Mary died in 1906 and Curzon devoted himself to private matters, including establishing a new home. Later the death of Lord Goschen in 1907, the post of Chancellor of Oxford University brutal vacant. Curzon successfully became elected as Chancellor of Oxford later on he won by 1001 votes to 440 against Lord Rosebery.^[30] He proved to be quite an agile Chancellor – "[he] threw himself then energetically into the cause of university reform that critics complained he was ruling Oxford similar an Indian province."^[31]

House of Lords [edit]

In 1908, Curzon was elected a representative peer for Ireland, and thus relinquished whatsoever idea of returning to the House of Commons.^[4] In 1909–1910 he took an active part in opposing the Liberal government's^[four] proposal to abolish the legislative veto of the House of Lords, and in 1911 was created Baron Ravensdale, of Ravensdale in the Canton of Derby, with residue (in default of heirs male) to his daughters, Viscount Scarsdale, of Scarsdale in the Canton of Derby, with remainder (in default of heirs male) to the heirs male of his father, and Earl Curzon of Kedleston, in the County of Derby, with the normal residual, all in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.^[32]

He became involved with saving Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire, from destruction. This experience strengthened his resolve for heritage protection. He was one of the sponsors of the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913.^[33]

On 5 May 1914, he spoke out confronting a bill in the House of Lords that would have permitted women who already had the right to vote in local elections the correct to vote for members of Parliament.

Get-go World State of war [edit]

Curzon joined the Cabinet, as Lord Privy Seal, when Asquith formed his coalition in May 1915. Like other politicians (east.g. Austen Chamberlain, Arthur Balfour) Curzon favoured British Empire efforts in Mesopotamia, believing that the increment in British prestige would discourage a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India.^[34] Curzon was a member of the Dardanelles Committee and told that body (Oct 1915) that the recent Salonika expedition was "quixotic chivalry".^[35] Early in 1916 Curzon visited Sir Douglas Haig (newly appointed Commander-in-Main of British forces in France) at his headquarters in France. Haig was impressed by Curzon'due south brains and decisiveness, and considered that he had mellowed since his days every bit Viceroy (Major-General Haig had been Inspector-Full general of Cavalry, India, at the time) and had lost "his old pompous means".^[36] Curzon served in Lloyd George's small War Cabinet as Leader of the House of Lords from December 1916, and he as well served on the State of war Policy Commission. With Allied victory over Frg far from sure, Curzon wrote a paper (12 May 1917) for the War Cabinet urging that Britain seize Palestine and possibly Syrian arab republic.^[37] Like other members of the State of war Chiffonier, Curzon supported further Western Front end offensives lest, with Russian commitment to the war wavering, France and Italy be tempted to make a split peace.

Royal War Cabinet (1917) Lord Curzon seated, tertiary from the left

At the War Policy Committee (3 October 1917) Curzon objected in vain to plans to redeploy two divisions to Palestine, with a view to advancing into Syria and knocking Turkey out of the war altogether. Curzon's delivery wavered somewhat as the losses of the Tertiary Boxing of Ypres mounted.^[38] In the summertime of 1917 the Principal of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) General William Robertson sent Haig a biting description of the members of the War Cabinet, who he said were all frightened of Lloyd George; he described Curzon as "a gasbag". During the crisis of February 1918, Curzon was one of the few members of the government to support Robertson, threatening in vain to resign if he were removed.^[39] Despite his opposition to women's suffrage (he had been co-president of the National League for Opposing Adult female Suffrage), the House of Lords voted conclusively in its favour.

2d matrimony (1917) [edit]

Grace Elvina, second wife

Later on a long affair with the romantic novelist Elinor Glyn, Curzon married the erstwhile Grace Elvina Hinds in January 1917. She was the wealthy Alabama-born widow of Alfredo Huberto Duggan (died 1915), a get-go-generation Irish Argentinian appointed to the Argentine Legation in London in 1905. Elinor Glyn was staying with Curzon at the time of the date and read about information technology in the morning newspapers.

Grace had 3 children from her showtime marriage, two sons, Alfred and Hubert, and a daughter, Grace Lucille. Alfred and Hubert, as Curzon's pace-sons, grew up within his influential circle. Curzon had three daughters from his first marriage, but he and Grace (despite fertility-related operations and several miscarriages) did not take any children together, which put a strain on their marriage. Letters written between them in the early on 1920s imply that they still lived together, and remained devoted to each other. In 1923, Curzon was passed over for the office of Prime number Minister partly on the advice of Arthur Balfour, who joked that Curzon "has lost the hope of glory but he all the same possesses the means of Grace" (a humorous allusion to the well known "Full general Thanksgiving" prayer of the Church of England, which thanks God for "the means of grace, and for the promise of glory").^[40]

In 1917, Curzon bought Bodiam Castle in E Sussex, a 14th-century edifice that had been gutted during the English Civil War. He restored it extensively, and then bequeathed it to the National Trust.^[41]

Strange Secretarial assistant (1919–24) [edit]

Statue of Curzon in front of the Calcutta Victoria Memorial

Relations with Lloyd George [edit]

Curzon did not take David Lloyd George's support. Curzon and Lloyd George had disliked one another since the 1911 Parliament Crunch. The Prime Minister thought him overly pompous and self-important, and it was said that he used him equally if he were using a Rolls-Royce to deliver a bundle to the station; Lloyd George said much later that Churchill treated his Ministers in a way that Lloyd George would never have treated his: "They were all men of substance — well, except Curzon."^{[42] [ page needed ]} Multiple drafts of resignation letters written at this fourth dimension were found upon Curzon's death. Despite their antagonism, the two were often in understanding on government policy.^[43] Lloyd George needed the wealth of noesis Curzon possessed then was both his biggest critic and, simultaneously, his largest supporter. Too, Curzon was grateful for the leeway he was immune by Lloyd George when information technology came to handling affairs in the Centre East.^[44]

Other cabinet ministers as well respected his vast knowledge of Cardinal Asia but disliked his arrogance and often blunt criticism. Believing that the Foreign Secretary should be non-partisan, he would objectively present all the information on a subject to the Cabinet, every bit if placing faith in his colleagues to attain the advisable decision. Conversely, Curzon would take personally and respond aggressively to whatsoever criticism.^[45]

It has been suggested that Curzon's defensiveness reflected institutional insecurity by the Foreign Office every bit a whole. During the 1920s the Foreign Office was often a passive participant in decisions which were mainly reactive and dominated by the Prime Minister.^[46] The cosmos of the task of Colonial Secretary, the Cabinet Secretariat and the League of Nations added to the Foreign Role's insecurity.^[47]

Policy under Lloyd George [edit]

The territorial changes of Poland. Lite bluish line: Curzon Line "B" every bit proposed past Lord Curzon in 1919. Nighttime blue line: "Curzon" Line "A" as proposed past the Soviet Union in 1940. Pinkish: Formerly German provinces annexed past Poland after World War 2. Grey: Pre–Earth War II Shine territory east of the Curzon Line annexed by the Soviet Union later the war.

After nine months equally acting Secretary while Balfour was at the Paris Peace Conference,^[48] Curzon was appointed Strange Secretary in October 1919. He gave his name to the British government's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary, the Curzon Line of December 1919. Although during the subsequent Russo-Polish War, Poland conquered ground in the due east, after World War 2, Poland was shifted westwards, leaving the edge between Poland and its eastern neighbours today approximately at the Curzon Line.^[49]

Curzon was largely responsible for the Peace Twenty-four hours ceremonies on xix July 1919. These included the plaster Cairn, designed by the noted British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, for the Allied Victory parade in London. It was so successful that it was reproduced in stone, and still stands.

In 1918, during World War I, as United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland occupied Mesopotamia (modern Republic of iraq), Curzon tried to convince the Indian authorities to reconsider his scheme for Persia (Islamic republic of iran) to be a buffer confronting Russian advances.^[50] British and Indian troops were in Persia protecting the oilfields at Abadan and watching the Afghan frontier – Curzon believed that British economic and military aid, sent via India, could prop up the Western farsi government and brand her a British client state. However, the agreement of Baronial 1919 was never ratified and the British government rejected the plan as Russia had the geographical reward and the defensive benefits would not justify the high economic cost.^[51]

Small British forces had twice occupied Baku on the Caspian in 1918, while an unabridged British division had occupied Batum on the Black Bounding main, supervising German language and Turkish withdrawal. Against Curzon'south wishes, but on the advice of Sir George Milne, the commander on the spot, the CIGS Henry Wilson, who wanted to concentrate troops in Britain, Ireland, Republic of india, and Egypt,^[52] and of Churchill (Secretary of Country for War), the British withdrew from Baku (the pocket-size British naval presence was also withdrawn from the Caspian Sea), at the end of August 1919 leaving only 3 battalions at Batum.

In Jan 1920 Curzon insisted that British troops remain in Batum, against the wishes of Wilson and the Prime Minister. In Feb, while Curzon was on vacation, Wilson persuaded the Cabinet to permit withdrawal, simply Curzon had the decision reversed on his return, although to Curzon'due south fury (he thought information technology "corruption of authority") Wilson gave Milne permission to withdraw if he deemed information technology necessary. At Cabinet on 5 May 1920 Curzon "past a long-winded jaw" (in Wilson'south description) argued for a stay in Batum. Subsequently a British garrison at Enzeli (on the Persian Caspian coast) was taken prisoner by Bolshevik forces on 19 May 1920, Lloyd George finally insisted on a withdrawal from Batum early on in June 1920. For the rest of 1920 Curzon, supported past Milner (Colonial Secretary), argued that United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland should retain control of Persia. When Wilson asked (15 July 1920) to pull troops out of Persia to put down the rebellion in Mesopotamia and Ireland, Lloyd George blocked the movement, saying that Curzon "would non stand it". In the stop, financial retrenchment forced a British withdrawal from Persia in the bound of 1921.^[53]

Curzon worked on several Middle Eastern bug. He designed the Treaty of Sèvres (August 10, 1920) between the victorious Allies and Ottoman Turkey. The treaty abolished the Ottoman Empire and obliged Turkey to renounce all rights over Arab Asia and North Africa. Withal a new regime in Turkey under Kemal Atatürk rejected the treaty. The Greeks invaded Turkey. Curzon tried and failed to induce the Greeks to take a compromise on the condition of Smyrna and failed to force the Turks to renounce their nationalist plan. Lloyd George tried to apply force at Chanak but lost support and was forced to step down every bit prime government minister. Curzon remained as foreign minister and helped tie down loose ends in the Centre E at the peace briefing at Lausanne.^[54]

He helped to negotiate Egyptian independence (granted in 1922) and the division of the British Mandate of Palestine, despite the strong disagreement he held with the policy of his predecessor Arthur Balfour,^[55] and helped create the Emirate of Transjordan for Faisal's brother, which may also have delayed the problems there. According to Sir David Gilmour, Curzon "was the just senior figure in the British government at the fourth dimension who foresaw that its policy would lead to decades of Arab–Jewish hostility".^[55]

During the Irish gaelic War of Independence, but before the introduction of martial law in Dec 1920, Curzon suggested the "Indian" solution of blockading villages and imposing collective fines for attacks on the police and army.^[56]

In 1921 Curzon was created Earl of Kedleston, in the Canton of Derby, and Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.^[57]

In 1922, he was the chief negotiator for the Allies of the Treaty of Lausanne, which officially concluded the war with the Ottoman Empire and divers the borders of Turkey.

Under Bonar Law [edit]

Dissimilar many leading Bourgeois members of Lloyd George's Coalition Chiffonier, Curzon ceased to support Lloyd George over the Chanak Crisis and had but resigned when Conservative backbenchers voted at the Carlton Club meeting to end the Coalition in Oct 1922. Curzon was thus able to remain Strange Secretary when Bonar Law formed a purely Conservative ministry.

In 1922–23 Curzon had to negotiate with France after French troops occupied the Ruhr to enforce the payment of High german reparations; he described the French Prime number Government minister (and former President) Raymond Poincaré as a "horrid little homo". Curzon had expansive ambitions and was non much happier with Bonar Law, whose foreign policy was based on "retrenchment and withdrawal", than he had been with Lloyd George. All the same he provided invaluable insight into the Eye E and was instrumental in shaping British foreign policy in that region.^[58]

Passed over for prime minister, 1923 [edit]

On Bonar Constabulary's retirement as prime government minister in May 1923, Curzon was passed over for the job in favour of Stanley Baldwin, despite his eagerness for the chore.

This determination was taken on the individual communication of leading members of the party including one-time Prime number Minister Arthur Balfour. Balfour advised the monarch that in a democratic historic period it was inappropriate for the prime government minister to exist a member of the House of Lords, particularly when the Labour Political party, which had few peers, had become the chief opposition party in the Commons. In individual Balfour admitted that he was prejudiced confronting Curzon, whose character was objectionable to some. George V shared this prejudice. A letter purporting to particular the opinions of Bonar Law simply actually written by Baldwin sympathisers was delivered to the King'south Private Secretary Lord Stamfordham, though it is unclear how much touch on this had in the terminal outcome. Curzon felt he was cheated because J. C. C. Davidson—to whom Baldwin was loyal—and Sir Charles Waterhouse^{[ disputed (for: Mosley has the name wrong) – discuss ]} falsely claimed to Stamfordham that Law had recommended that George 5 appoint Stanley Baldwin, not Curzon, as his successor.^[59] Harry Bennett says Curzon'southward arrogance and unpopularity probably prevented him from becoming prime minister despite his luminescence, smashing capacity for piece of work and accomplishments.^[60]

Winston Churchill, one of Curzon'southward principal rivals, accurately contended that Curzon "sow[ed] gratitude and resentment along his path with equally lavish easily".^[61] Fifty-fifty contemporaries who envied Curzon, such as Baldwin, conceded that Curzon was, in the words of his biographer Leonard Mosley, "a devoted and indefatigable public servant, dedicated to the idea of Empire".^[62]

Curzon, summoned by Stamfordham, rushed to London assuming he was to be appointed. He burst into tears when told the truth. He later ridiculed Baldwin every bit "a man of the utmost insignificance", although he served under Baldwin and proposed him for the leadership of the Bourgeois Political party. Curzon remained foreign secretary under Baldwin until the government barbarous in Jan 1924. When Baldwin formed a new authorities in November 1924 he appointed Curzon Lord President of the Council.

Curzon's rejection was a turning bespeak in the nation's political history. Henceforth Lords were barred from leading political parties and becoming prime minister. It was now an age of democracy that made it unacceptable for the prime minister to be based in an unelected and largely powerless chamber.^[63]

Death [edit]

The last photograph taken of Curzon on his manner to attend a cabinet coming together (1925)

In March 1925 Curzon suffered a severe haemorrhage of the bladder. Surgery was unsuccessful and he died in London on xx March 1925 at the age of 66. His coffin, made from the aforementioned tree at Kedleston that had encased his first wife, Mary, was taken to Westminster Abbey and from at that place to his ancestral home in Derbyshire, where he was interred abreast Mary in the family vault at All Saints Church on 26 March. In his will, proven on 22 July, Curzon bequeathed his estate to his married woman and his blood brother Francis; his estate was valued for probate at £343,279 10s. 4d. (roughly equivalent to £twenty million in 2020)^[64].^[65]

Upon his death the Barony, Earldom and Marquessate of Curzon of Kedleston and the Earldom of Kedleston became extinct, whilst the Viscountcy and Barony of Scarsdale were inherited by a nephew. The Barony of Ravensdale was inherited by his eldest girl Mary and is today held by his second daughter Cynthia's keen-grandson, Daniel Nicholas Mosley, fourth Businesswoman Ravensdale.

There is now a blue plaque on the house in London where Curzon lived and died, No. 1 Carlton Firm Terrace, Westminster.^[66]

Titles [edit]

On his appointment equally Viceroy of Republic of india in 1898, he was created Baron Curzon of Kedleston, in the County of Derby. This championship was created in the Peerage of Ireland to enable him to potentially return to the House of Commons, as Irish gaelic peers did not accept an automatic right to sit in the House of Lords. His was the last championship to be created in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1908, he was elected a representative of the Irish peerage in the British House of Lords, from which it followed that he would be a member of the House of Lords until death; indeed, his representative peerage would go along even if (equally proved to be the instance) he after received a United Kingdom peerage entitling him to a seat in the House of Lords in his own right.

In 1911 he was created Earl Curzon of Kedleston, Viscount Scarsdale, and Baron Ravensdale. All of these titles were in the Peerage of the United kingdom.

Upon his begetter's death in 1916, he also became fifth Businesswoman Scarsdale, in the Peerage of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. The title had been created in 1761.

In the 1921 Birthday Honours, he was created Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.^[67] The championship became extinct upon his death in 1925, equally he was survived by iii daughters and no sons.^[68]

Cess [edit]

Few statesmen have experienced such changes in fortune in both their public and their personal lives. David Gilmour concludes:

Curzon's career was an almost unparalleled blend of triumph and thwarting. Although he was the last and in many ways the greatest of Victorian viceroys, his term of office ended in resignation, empty of recognition and barren of reward.... he was unable to assert himself fully every bit Foreign Secretarial assistant until the final weeks of Lloyd George'due south premiership. And finally, afterwards he had restored his reputation at Lausanne, his concluding ambition was thwarted by George V.^[31]

Critics generally agreed that Curzon never reached the heights that his youthful talents had seemed destined to attain. This sense of opportunities missed was summed upwardly by Winston Churchill in his volume Cracking Contemporaries (1937):

The morn had been gilded; the noontide was statuary; and the evening lead. But all were polished till information technology shone after its way.

Churchill as well wrote at that place was certainly something defective in Curzon:

information technology was certainly non information nor application, nor power of speech nor attractiveness of style and appearance. Everything was in his equipment. Y'all could unpack his knapsack and take an inventory item past item. Nothing on the list was missing, nonetheless somehow or other the total was incomplete.^[69]

His Chiffonier colleague The Earl of Crawford provided a withering personal judgment in his diary; "I never knew a man less loved by his colleagues and more than hated by his subordinates, never a man so bereft of conscience, of clemency or of gratitude. On the other hand the combination of ability, of industry, and of ambition with a mean personality is well-nigh without parallel. I never attended a funeral ceremony at which the congregation was then dry-eyed!"^[70]

The starting time leader of independent Republic of india, Jawaharlal Nehru, paid Curzon a surprising tribute, referring to the fact that Curzon equally Viceroy exhibited real honey of Indian culture and ordered a restoration project for several historic monuments, including the Taj Mahal:^[71]

After every other Viceroy has been forgotten, Curzon will be remembered considering he restored all that was beautiful in India.^[72]

Legacy [edit]

By special remainders, although he had no son, two of Curzon's peerages survive to the nowadays day. His barony of Ravensdale went outset to his eldest daughter, Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale, and so to his grandson Nicholas Mosley, both of whom saturday in the House of Lords, while his Viscount Scarsdale title went to a nephew. His bang-up-slap-up-grandson Daniel Mosley, fourth Baron Ravensdale, is a current fellow member of the Business firm of Lords, having been elected every bit a representative hereditary peer.

Curzon Hall, the home of the faculty of science at the Academy of Dhaka, is named afterward him. Lord Curzon himself inaugurated the building in 1904.

Curzon Gate, a formalism gate, was erected past Maharaja Bijay Chand Mahatab in the heart of Burdwan boondocks and was renamed to commemorate Lord Curzon's visit to the boondocks in 1904, which was renamed every bit Bijay Toran after the independence of India in 1947.

In Kolkata, which was, equally Calcutta, the uppercase of British Bharat during Curzon'south tenure every bit viceroy, Curzon park was named in his honor. Information technology has since been renamed as Surendranath Park, just the old name is still in popular use.^{[ dubious – hash out ]}

Curzon Road, the road connecting India Gate, the memorial dedicated to the Indian fallen during the Great War of 1914–eighteen, and Connaught Identify, in New Delhi was named after him. It has since been renamed Kasturba Gandhi Marg. The apartment buildings on the same road are however named after him.

References [edit]

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2. ^ Philip Holden, Autobiography and Decolonization: Modernity, Masculinity, and the Nation-state (2008), p. 46.
3. ^ Eton, the Raj and modern India; By Alastair Lawson; 9 March 2005; BBC News.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} This article incorporates text from a publication at present in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. vii (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. p. 665.
5. ^ Davenport-Hines, Richard (3 January 2008). "Browning, Oscar". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32128. His intimate, indiscreet friendship with a boy in another boarding-house, G. N. Curzon [...] provoked a crisis with [Headmaster] Hornby [….] Amid national controversy he was dismissed in 1875 on the pretext of administrative inefficiency but actually considering his influence was thought to be sexually contagious (Subscription or United kingdom public library membership required.)
6. ^ "... Oscar Browning (1837–1923), who had been sacked from Eton in September 1875 under suspicion of paederasty, partly considering of his involvement with young George Nathaniel Curzon" in Michael Kaylor, Secreted Desires (2006), p. 98.
7. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The Cease of an Epoch . Longmans, Greenish, and Co. p. (need page).
8. ^ Burton, David Henry (1990). Cecil Leap Rice: A Diplomat's Life. Page 22: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN978-0-8386-3395-3. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
9. ^ ^{a b} "Lord Curzon | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved two June 2020.
10. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 26.
11. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The Cease of an Epoch . Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 43.
12. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The Stop of an Epoch .
13. ^ Curzon, Russia in Primal Asia (1967), p. 314.
14. ^ Curzon, Russia in Central Asia (1967), p. 272.
15. ^ Denis Wright, "Curzon and Persia," The Geographical Periodical 153#3 (November 1987): 343.
16. ^ Curzon, Russia in Central Asia p. 277.
17. ^ Denis Wright, "Curzon and Persia," The Geographical Journal 153#3 (November 1987):346.
18. ^ Wright, "Curzon and Persia," pp 346–7
19. ^ Brockway, Thomas P (1941). "United kingdom and the Farsi Chimera, 1888–1892". The Journal of Modern History. 13 (1): 46. doi:x.1086/243919. S2CID 144405914.
20. ^ George Northward. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question (Volume ane). New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966, p 605.
21. ^ Maximilian Genealogy Master Database, Mary Victoria LEITER, 2000 Archived half dozen March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
22. ^ "(Catalogue ref: Copy 1/59 f.371)". National Archives.
23. ^ "No. 27016". The London Gazette. 21 October 1898. p. 6140.
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25. ^ Yapp, pp 655, 664.
26. ^ Matless, David (28 September 2006). "Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37084. (Subscription or United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland public library membership required.)
27. ^ "George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Quotes".
28. ^ Judd, Dennis (2004). Lion and Tiger:The Ascension and autumn of British Empire 1600 to 1947. ISBN0192803581.
29. ^ Reid 2006, p116
30. ^ The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Ronaldshay. The Life of Curszon Vol.three.
31. ^ ^{a b} Gilmour, David (6 January 2011). "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston". Oxford Lexicon of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Academy Press. doi:ten.1093/ref:odnb/32680. (Subscription or United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland public library membership required.)
32. ^ "No. 28547". The London Gazette. 3 November 1911. p. 7951.
33. ^ Winterman, Denise (7 March 2013). "The man who demolished Shakespeare's house". BBC News.
34. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp113, 118–9
35. ^ Woodward, 1998, p.16
36. ^ Groot 1988, p.226–seven
37. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp.155–seven
38. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp134, 159–61,
39. ^ Woodward, 1998, p.200
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41. ^ Channel iv history microsites: Bodiam Castle
42. ^ Michael Pes: Aneurin Bevan
43. ^ Johnson, Gaynor "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Interim Foreign Secretary, January- October 1919." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 56.
44. ^ Thousand.H. Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Command of British Foreign Policy 1919–22," Australian Journal of Politics & History 45#4 (1999): 479.
45. ^ Bennett, Thou.H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22". Australian Periodical of Politics & History. 45 (4): 472. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00076.
46. ^ Sharp, Alan "Adapting to a New Globe? British Foreign Policy in the 1920s." Contemporary British History xviii.3 (2004): 76.
47. ^ Bennett, G.H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Command of British Foreign Policy 1919–22". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 45 (4): 473. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00076.
48. ^ Gaynor Johnson, "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Interim Strange Secretary, January–October 1919", Contemporary British History, vol. 18, n°3, 2004, pp. 53–73.
49. ^ Sarah Meiklejohn Terry (1983). Poland'due south Place in Europe: General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939–1943. Princeton University Press. p. 121. ISBN9781400857173.
50. ^ Yapp, p. 654.
51. ^ Yapp, p. 653.
52. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 251–252.
53. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 233–234, 247–251.
54. ^ Domna Visvizi-Dontas, "The Allied powers and the Eastern Question 1921-1923." Balkan Studies 17.2 (1976): 331-357 online.
55. ^ ^{a b} Gilmour, David (1996). "The Unregarded Prophet: Lord Curzon and the Palestine Question". Journal of Palestine Studies. 25 (3): sixty–68. doi:10.2307/2538259. JSTOR 2538259.
56. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 266–267.
57. ^ "No. 32376". The London Gazette. 1 July 1921. p. 5243.
58. ^ Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Strange Policy 1919–22," p. 477.
59. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . pp. 264–275.
60. ^ Harry Bennett, "Lord Curzon of Kedleston: 'Easily misunderstood' and 'Easily misrepresented'," The Historian, No. 49, 1996. pp. 17-19.
61. ^ Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries,
62. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . p. 288.
63. ^ Chris Cooper, "Heir not Apparent: Douglas Hailsham, the role of the Firm of Lords, and the Succession to the Conservative Leadership 1928–31." Parliamentary History 31.2 (2012): 206-229.
64. ^ United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Retail Price Index aggrandizement figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for U.k., 1209 to Present (New Serial)". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 2 December 2021.
65. ^ "Curzon of Kedleston". probatesearchservice.gov. UK Government. 1925. Retrieved seven August 2019.
66. ^ "George Nathaniel Curzon blue plaque". openplaques.org. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
67. ^ "No. 32346". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1921. p. 4529.
68. ^ "Lord Curzon: A Peachy Career". The Times. 21 March 1925. p. 7.
69. ^ Churchill, Great Contemporaries, Chapter on Curzon
70. ^ Lindsay, p. 507.
71. ^ Roy, Amit (15 January 2005). "Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India". telegraph.co.united kingdom. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
72. ^ "When Curzon rescued Ahmedabad's icon". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved v July 2017.

Bibliography [edit]

George Nathaniel Curzon's writings [edit]

• Curzon, Russian federation in Cardinal Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (1889) Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., London (reprinted Cass, 1967), Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 978-1-4021-7543-5 (27 Feb 2001) Reprint (Paperback) Details
• Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question (1892) Longmans, Greenish, and Co., London and New York.; facsimile reprint:
  • Volume 1 (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 978-1-4021-6179-7 (22 October 2001) Abstract
  • Book 2 (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 978-1-4021-6178-0 (22 October 2001) Abstract
• Curzon, On the Indian Frontier, Edited with an introduction by Dhara Anjaria; (Oxford U.P. 2011) 350 pages ISBN 978-0-19-906357-4
• Curzon, Problems of the Far Eastward (1894; new ed., 1896) George Nathaniel Curzon Problems of the Far East. Japan -Korea – People's republic of china, reprint; ISBN 1-4021-8480-8, ISBN 978-1-4021-8480-2 (25 December 2000) Determined Media Corporation (Paperback)Abstruse
• Curzon, The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, 1897, The Regal Geographical Society. Geographical Journal 8 (1896): 97–119, 239–63. A thorough study of the region's history and people and of the British–Russian conflict of interest in Turkestan based on Curzon's travels at that place in 1894. Reprint (paperback): Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 978-i-4021-5983-1 (22 April 2002) Abstract. Unabridged reprint (2005): Elbiron Classics, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 1-4021-5983-8 (pbk); ISBN 1-4021-3090-2 (hardcover).
• Curzon, The Romanes Lecture 1907, FRONTIERS by the Right Hon Lord Curzon of Kedleston G.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., PC, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.South., All Souls Higher, Chancellor of the University, Delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, ii November 1907 full text.
• Curzon, Tales of Travel. Showtime published past Hodder & Stoughton 1923 (Century Classic Ser.) London, Century. 1989, Facsimile Reprint; ISBN 0-7126-2245-4; reprint with foreword by Lady Alexandra Metcalfe, Introduction by Peter King. A choice of Curzon'southward travel writing including essays on Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia, Iran, India, Iraq Waterfalls, etc. (includes the future viceroy'southward monkeyshines into Afghanistan to meet the "Fe Emir", Abdu Rahman Khan, in 1894)
• Curzon, Bodiam Castle Sussex. A Historical & Descriptive Survey Jonathan Cape, London, (1926)^[ane]
• Curzon and H. Avray Tipping, 'Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire: A Historical & Descriptive Survey by the Tardily Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, One thousand.G. and H. Avray Tipping, 1929, Jonathan Cape, London, (Finished by Henry Avray Tipping after Curzon's decease)^[2]
• Curzon, Travels with a Superior Person, London, Sidgwick & Jackson. 1985, Reprint; ISBN 978-0-283-99294-0, Hardcover, illustrated with xc contemporary photographs most of them from Curzon'south own collection (includes Greece in the Eighties, pp. 78–84; edited by Peter King; introduced by Elizabeth, Countess Longford)

Secondary sources [edit]

• Bennet, K. H. (1995). British Foreign Policy During the Curzon Catamenia, 1919–1924. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-12650-6.
• Carrington, Michael. Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon'due south campaign against 'collisions' between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905,Modern Asian Studies 47:03, May 2013, pp. 780–819.
• Carrington, Michael. A PhD thesis, Empire and dominance: Curzon, collisions, graphic symbol and the Raj, 1899–1905. Discusses a number of interesting issues raised during Curzon'south Viceroyalty (available through British Library).
• De Groot, Gerard Douglas Haig 1861–1928 (Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman, 1988)
• Dilks, David; Curzon in Bharat (2 volumes, 1970) online edition
• Edwardes, Michael. "The Viceroyalty Of Lord Curzon" History Today (December 1962) 12#12 pp 833–844
• Edwardes, Michael. Loftier Noon of Empire: Republic of india under Curzon (1965)
• Gilmour, David (1994). Curzon: Imperial Statesman. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. excerpt and text search
• Gilmour, David. "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 30 Sept 2014 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32680
• Goudie A. Due south. (1980). "George Nathaniel Curzon: Superior Geographer", The Geographical Journal, 146, ii (1980): 203–209, doi:10.2307/632861 Abstract
• Goradia, Nayana. Lord Curzon The Terminal of the British Moghuls (1993) full text online gratis.
• Jeffery, Keith (2006). Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-820358-2.
• Katouzian, Homa. "The Campaign Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919." British Periodical of Middle Eastern Studies 25 (ane) (1998): 5–46.
• Loades, David, ed. Reader's Guide to British History (2003) ane:324-25; historiography
• Lindsay, David (1984). John Vincent (ed.). The Crawford Papers: The journals of David Lindsay, twenty-7th Earl of Crawford and tenth Earl of Balcarres 1871–1940 during the years 1892 to 1940. Manchester: Manchester University Printing. ISBN978-0-71900-948-viii.
• McLane, John R. "The Determination to Segmentation Bengal in 1905", Indian Economical and Social History Review, July 1965, 2#iii, pp 221–237
• Mosley, Leonard Oswald. The glorious fault: The life of Lord Curzon (1960)online
• Nicolson, Harold George (1934). Curzon: The Concluding Stage, 1919–1925: A Report in Postal service-war Diplomacy. London: Constable. ISBN 9780571258925
• Reid, Walter. Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig (Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh, 2006.) ISBN 1-84158-517-iii
• Ronaldshay, Earl of (1927). The Life of Lord Curzon. (Two volumes; London)
• Rose, Kenneth. Superior Person: A Portrait of Curzon and His Circle in Belatedly Victorian England, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History, ISBN 1842122339
• Ross, Christopher N. B. "Lord Curzon and Eastward. Thou. Browne Confront the 'Persian Question'", Historical Journal, 52, 2 (2009): 385–411, doi:x.1017/S0018246X09007511
• Woodward, David R, Field Marshal Sir William Robertson, Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, ISBN 0-275-95422-vi
• Wright, Denis. "Curzon and Persia". The Geographical Periodical 153 (3) (1987): 343–350.

External links [edit]

• Analysis of George Curzon as Viceroy
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
• Bharat under Curzon and after, By Lovat Fraser, Published by William Heinemann, London – 1911.Digital Rare Book :
• Issues of the Far East: Nippon – Korea – China by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at annal.org
• Modern parliamentary eloquence; the Rede lecture, delivered earlier the University of Cambridge, 6 November 1913 past George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org
• Russia In Cardinal Asia In 1889 by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org
• War poems and other translations by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org
• "Archival textile relating to George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston". United kingdom National Archives.
• George Nathaniel CURZON was born eleven Jan 1859. He died 20 Mar 1925. George married Mary Victoria LEITER on 22 April 1895
• Paper clippings almost George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston in the 20th Century Press Athenaeum of the ZBW

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded past George Augustus Pilkington	Fellow member of Parliament for Southport 1886–98	Succeeded by Sir Herbert Naylor-Leyland, Bt
Political offices
Preceded by Sir John Eldon Gorst	Nether-Secretarial assistant of State for India 1891–92	Succeeded past George W. E. Russell
Preceded by Sir Edward Grey, Bt	Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1895–98	Succeeded by Hon. St John Brodrick
Preceded by The Earl of Derby as Chairman of the Articulation War Air Committee	President of the Air Board 1916–1917	Succeeded by The Viscount Cowdray
Preceded by The Marquess of Crewe	Lord Privy Seal 1915–1916	Succeeded by The Earl of Crawford
	Leader of the House of Lords 1916–1924	Succeeded by The Viscount Haldane
	Lord President of the Council 1916–1919	Succeeded past Arthur James Balfour
Preceded past Arthur James Balfour	Foreign Secretary 1919–1924	Succeeded by Ramsay MacDonald
Preceded by The Lord Parmoor	Lord President of the Council 1924–1925	Succeeded by Arthur James Balfour
Preceded by The Viscount Haldane	Leader of the House of Lords 1924–1925	Succeeded by The fourth Marquess of Salisbury
Government offices
Preceded by The Earl of Elgin	Viceroy of India 1899–1905	Succeeded by The Earl of Minto
Party political offices
Preceded past The Marquess of Lansdowne	Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords 1916–1925	Succeeded by The quaternary Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded by Bonar Law	Leader of the British Conservative Political party with Austen Chamberlain 1921–1922	Succeeded by Bonar Law
Honorary titles
Preceded by The third Marquess of Salisbury	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1904–1905	Succeeded by The Prince of Wales
Academic offices
Preceded by Viscount Goschen	Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1907–1925	Succeeded by Viscount Cave
Preceded by H. H. Asquith	Rector of the Academy of Glasgow 1908—1911	Succeeded by Augustine Birrell
Peerage of the Great britain
New creation	Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 1921–1925	Extinct
	Earl Curzon of Kedleston 1911–1925
	Viscount Scarsdale 1911–1925	Succeeded by Richard Curzon
	Baron Ravensdale 1911–1925	Succeeded by Irene Curzon
Peerage of Great Great britain
Preceded by Alfred Curzon	Baron Scarsdale 1916–1925	Succeeded past Richard Curzon
Peerage of Ireland
New creation	Baron Curzon of Kedleston 1898–1925	Extinct
Preceded by The Lord Kilmaine	Representative peer for Republic of ireland 1908–1925	Office lapsed

1. ^ "George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess of Curzon of Kedleston (1859-1925) - Bodiam Castle, Sussex : a historical and descriptive survey / by the Marquis Curzon of Kedleston". www.rct.uk . Retrieved 24 April 2021.
2. ^ Marquess George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon of Kedleston and Henry Avray Tipping Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire: A Historical & Descriptive Survey by the by the Belatedly Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, K.G. and H. Avray Tipping (1929) at Google Books

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston

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